Salam Mia
Sorry Mia I should of also included this article below
[1]
Correct me if I'm wrong but i'm assuming you have the impression that Islam was practiced in Mecca before the revelation of the Quran but over time it was changed and diverted from the truth and became pagans and then God sent them a messenger(Muhammad) to reinstitute the proper ways of Islam?
From what I understand from this that you quoted from Br. Joseph:
No doubt, Prophet Muhammad's (pbuh) affiliation with the site at Makkah was historic, possibly since childhood (2:144 - "...So We shall surely turn you to a direction of devotion / prayer (Arabic: Qiblatan) that you will be pleased with..."). This site was chosen to become the direction and Holy sanctuary for the new Muslims. It was here that the practices of old were reinstituted by Divine decree.
Is that, although the site in Mecca was
not the holy site that was used by Abraham or any other prophet that is known to us through any scripture, the practices of old which was started in Bekka by Abraham( assuming it was in holy lands of Jerusalem) was REINSTITUTED in Mecca. Mecca which is the home land of the prophet Muhammad(pbuh) from childhood which could of consisted to the change of the Qibla by God because Muhammad and his people desired or pleased with.
That means that what was once the Qibla(direction of prayer) and the hajj that was started by Abraham in a place called Bekka(where ever that was) is now also given to a new people in a different place than Bakka which is Mecca(Kaaba).
In the end Indeed God know best
you said
How did some of the beliefs and cultural elements of pagan Arabia filter into Quranic Islam? For example, Muslims believe in jinn, which came from pagan Arabia, not Abraham, right? (Please correct me if I'm mistaken.)
However, what about jinn? How did they become part of Islam? Any thoughts?
I don't think there is any proof that the pagans either believed in Jinns or disbelieved in them in any way. There is no proof of that. It also could of been passed on from Abrahams people but not in the correct form. No different of how people may hear of Islam who are distant from it. They might think the opposite of what it might be and some may adapt certain things that are correct.
Also just because people do something right doesn't mean they needed guidance through a scripture. These could of happened by the nature humans are created with. For example belief in one God. Prophet Abraham(pbuh) did.
Also it could be that coincidentally or intentionally that people have invented some sort of religion or devotion by superstition or by the other people around them. It is well known from the Quran that these particular Arabs did not receive any guidance from God in the past. That being said I would not necessarily stem them back to as far as the time of Adam's children which received guidance.
Thus another question arises, since Adam knew about Jinns, and all people are the children of Adam. Would not that mean the Arabs some how been guided? Or knew about Jinns?
There is also the argument that all the people were destroyed from the children of Adam except Noah and who was saved with him in the Ark, and then progeny started again with different races from who ever was on the Ark including Noah. Again God knows best.
A similar question to your question if i'm understanding you correctly is:
The term Jinn was it part a existing term or was it invented and introduced to the Arabs in the presence of the Quran?
The term Micheal is used once in the Quran, how would they know about him or what was expected from them to know about him?
From what I would gather up is that since believers are encouraged to be familiar with the Bible then all this would fit together.
It could be quite possible that some of the rituals and ways of the pagans were adopted from different place over different times. And they made names for certain aspects. There was possibly also other people living in there areas. Usually when a culture invents a name of a certain material or something important in that language another people would possibly also invent a name for that in another language.
However what the Quran did was correct their wrong ways. "Practices that were incongruent with Islam were challenged and subsequently removed. Those commensurate with the teachings of Islam were allowed to remain (2:158). This was the perfection that was completed (5:3)."
I think I repeated myself a couple times, I hope i didn't lose you
Peace
[1]THE QIBLA CHANGE
http://quransmessage.com/articles/qibla%20FM3.htm