Salaam,
Note that 17:1 does not say Jerusalem. It says "al masjid al aqsa" which literally means "the farthest mosque" or "the farthest place of prostration". There was no Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem at the time of Muhammad. This was built by the Ummayad ruler Abd al-Malik more than 70 years after Muhammad's death. 17:1 was possibly associated with Jerusalem for political reasons, to allow the Ummayad rulers assert their authority over Jerusalem, and build the Masjid here.
I believe the "farthest place of prostration", where 17:1 says Muhammad was shown some of God's signs, is the same as the place where he is mentioned in 53:18 as having been shown great signs (and described in 53:11-18). There was only one journey, according to the Quran, from Masjid Al Haram, to this far away (aqsa) place in the universe, where he was shown the signs.
Peace